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---
title: scale()
slug: Web/CSS/transform-function/scale
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.transform-function.scale
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`scale()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) defines a transformation that resizes an element on the 2D
plane. Because the amount of scaling is defined by a vector [sx, sy], it can resize the horizontal and vertical dimensions at
different scales. Its result is a {{cssxref("<transform-function>")}} data type.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/function-scale.html")}}
This scaling transformation is characterized by a two-dimensional vector. Its coordinates define how much scaling is
done in each direction. If both coordinates are equal, the scaling is uniform (_isotropic_) and the aspect
ratio of the element is preserved (this is a [homothetic transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothetic_transformation)).
When a coordinate value is outside the \[-1, 1] range, the element grows along that dimension; when inside, it
shrinks. A negative value results in a [point reflection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_reflection)
in that dimension. The value `1` has no effect.
> **Note:** The `scale()` function only scales in 2D. To scale in 3D, use
> [`scale3d()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scale3d) instead.
## Syntax
The `scale()` function is specified with either one or two values, which represent the amount of scaling
to be applied in each direction.
```css
scale(sx)
scale(sx, sy)
```
### Values
- `sx`
- : A {{cssxref("<number>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} representing the abscissa (horizontal, x-component) of the scaling vector.
- `sy`
- : A {{cssxref("<number>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} representing the ordinate (vertical, y-component) of the scaling vector.
If not defined, its default value is `sx`, resulting in a uniform scaling that preserves the element's {{glossary("aspect ratio")}}.
<table class="standard-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col"><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function#cartesian_coordinates">Cartesian coordinates</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space">ℝ^2</a></th>
<th scope="col"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates">Homogeneous coordinates</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_plane">ℝℙ^2</a></th>
<th scope="col">Cartesian coordinates on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space">ℝ^3</a></th>
<th scope="col">Homogeneous coordinates on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_projective_space">ℝℙ^3</a></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">
<math
><mrow><mo>(</mo
><mtable
><mtr
><mtd><mi>sx</mi> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mi>sy</mi></mtd></mtr
></mtable
><mo>)</mo></mrow
></math
>
</td>
<td>
<math
><mrow><mo>(</mo
><mtable
><mtr
><mtd><mi>sx</mi> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mi>sy</mi> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr
></mtable
><mo>)</mo></mrow
></math
>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<math
><mrow><mo>(</mo
><mtable
><mtr
><mtd><mi>sx</mi> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mi>sy</mi> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr
></mtable
><mo>)</mo></mrow
></math
>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">
<math
><mrow><mo>(</mo
><mtable
><mtr
><mtd><mi>sx</mi> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mi>sy</mi> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>1</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd></mtr
><mtr
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd
><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr
></mtable
><mo>)</mo></mrow
></math
>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[sx 0 0 sy 0 0]</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## Accessibility concerns
Scaling/zooming animations are problematic for accessibility, as they are a common trigger for certain types of
migraine. If you need to include such animations on your website, you should provide a control to allow users to turn
off animations, preferably site-wide.
Also, consider making use of the {{cssxref("@media/prefers-reduced-motion", "prefers-reduced-motion")}} media feature
— use it to write a [media query](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_media_queries) that will turn off animations if the
user has reduced animation specified in their system preferences.
Find out more:
- [MDN Understanding WCAG, Guideline 2.3 explanations](/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/Understanding_WCAG/Operable#guideline_2.3_%e2%80%94_seizures_and_physical_reactions_do_not_design_content_in_a_way_that_is_known_to_cause_seizures_or_physical_reactions)
- [Understanding Success Criterion 2.3.3 | W3C Understanding WCAG 2.1](https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/Understanding/animation-from-interactions)
## Examples
### Scaling the X and Y dimensions together
#### HTML
```html
<div>Normal</div>
<div class="scaled">Scaled</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
.scaled {
transform: scale(0.7); /* Equal to scaleX(0.7) scaleY(0.7) */
background-color: pink;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Scaling_the_X_and_Y_dimensions_together", "200", "200")}}
### Scaling X and Y dimensions separately, and translating the origin
#### HTML
```html
<div>Normal</div>
<div class="scaled">Scaled</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
background-color: skyblue;
}
.scaled {
transform: scale(2, 0.5); /* Equal to scaleX(2) scaleY(0.5) */
transform-origin: left;
background-color: pink;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Scaling_X_and_Y_dimensions_separately_and_translating_the_origin", "200", "200")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("transform")}}
- {{cssxref("scale")}}
- {{cssxref("zoom")}}
- {{cssxref("<transform-function>")}}
- {{cssxref("transform-function/scale3d", "scale3d()")}}
- Other individual transform properties {{cssxref("translate")}} and {{cssxref("rotate")}}