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A literature search revealed that more than 120 genetic markers seemed to be linked to athletic performance. Among them endurance markers: ACTN3 577X, PPARA rs4253778 G, PPARGC1A Gly482 and most widely studied ACE I; power/strength markers: ACTN3 Arg577, AMPD1 Gln12, HIF1A582Ser, MTHFR rs1801131 C, NOS3 rs2070744 T, PPARG 12Ala and most widely studied ACE D can be taken into consideration as showing positive associations with athlete status. However the genetic architecture of athletic performance seemed to be still the most important challenge and necessary step to full understanding of the background of talent identification both in sport as in dance and other related abilities associated with body movement. On the other hand, the significance of some genetic markers has not been replicated in more than one study.
A practical assessment of the hurdle clearance technique was carried out applying the technique index (TINDEX), namely the difference between performance in a hurdle race and performance in a respective race without hurdles. The aim of the present study was to examine TINDEX of combined events athletes that competed in all World and European Indoor Athletics Championships. The analysis included the heptathletes who won (n = 84) or did not win (n = 192) a medal, the progress of TINDEX per decade (1990s: n = 75; 2000s: n = 97; 2010s: n = 104) and its correlation with performance (total points won) in heptathlon for a total of 276 cases from the heptathlon 60-m sprint and 60-m hurdle races held from 1993 to 2019. Results revealed that medal winners (median [interquartile range] = 0.99 [0.20] s) had significantly (p < 0.001) lower TINDEX compared to nonmedal winners (1.10 [0.24] s). No significant (p > 0.05) TINDEX differences were observed among the cases in the examined decades. Finally, a significant negative correlation (τb = –0.27, p < 0.001) was observed for TINDEX and performance in heptathlon. In conclusion, hurdle clearance with the minimum time loss is a precondition for success in indoor combined events.
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNIP) is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a certain position in the DNA. Each variant is, to some extent, present within a population (e.g. > 1%). Due to the correlations of some SNIP’s with sport performance and athletic physical capacity, various authors considered their importance in the context of professional sport. Among many SNIP’s angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism is a well-studied example associated with an enhanced physiological response to aerobic exercise. Among other sport-related interesting SNIP’s following are highly documented: AMPD1 (C34T) Gln12 Allele, BDKRB2 rs5810761, UCP’s and eNOS rs1799983
A soccer player asks his girlfriend to marry him. To celebrate, they buy a red car. That day, during practice, the soccer player shoots to score a goal, unprecedentedly using his left foot, anticipating the goalkeeper’s next move. All of these actions result from social, consumer, and perceptual-motor decision-making (DM) processes. Although the soccer player might not be an expert decision maker in relationships or car deals, he is surely an expert when it comes to deciding how to score a goal. Not all decisions involve the same cognitive processes or neural underpinnings. Thus, when considering expert DM, it is crucial to clarify both the expertise domain and the decisional processes involved. Here, in this opinion mini-review, I present a brief overview of action anticipation (AA) in sports as a particular case of expert DM, making use of theories from economics to mathematical and clinical fields. Additionally, I discuss the cognitive and neural mechanisms subtending AA and show how certainty and saliency influence AA just like in other DM situations. Finally, I discuss how expert DM in the form of AA in sports can amount to a gut feeling, just like the gut feeling the soccer player needed to propose or buy a red car, instead of blue
A subject of the experimental research of the thesis was a carnivorous plant -Pinguicula vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris ? common typical butterwort, from the familyLentibulariaceae ? the Bladderwort family.The species is under protection by law.In the theoretical part of the thesis, general information about carnivorous plants weregiven. 10 botanical families were characterized, concerning genera and plant species.Geographical stands of these taxa were also taken into consideration. Information aboutsecondary metabolites of plants from natural sources and obtained by in vitro culture werecollected from the available literature.The further part of the thesis was devoted to characterization of the family Lentibulariaceaeand Pinguicula species occurrence in Polish flora. Especially precisely, species commontypical butterwort, was described, concerning its morphological structure and biology,chemical constituents found and its medical properties and application.There are two basic subjects - Pinguicula vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris in vitro cultures andphytochemical investigation, i.e. isolation of secondary metabolites and their chemicalstructure elucidation, in the experimental part of the thesis. Collecting a suitable mass of aplant raw material, species under protection, was only possible by in vitro culture method.The plant material was propagated by direct organogenesis, using modified Murashige-Skoogmedium. After basic methanol extract fractioning, secondary metabolites were isolated fromthe water fraction. To reach this aim, column chromatography and preparative thin layerchromatography were applied, using different adsorbents and suitable mobile phasesselection.Chemical compounds identification was carried out by spectral methods (UV, 1H NMR, 13CNMR, 1H1H-COSY, HMBC, HSQC, NOESY, TOCSY, 2D J) in comparison with literatureinformation. 14 compounds (secondary metabolites), belonging to three chemical classes,were identified: 4 iridoids ? globularin, globularicisin, cinnamoyl ? asistasioside E (trans- andcis-); 4-phenethyl glucosides ? acteoside (trans- and cis-), leucosceptoside A (trans- and cis-);6 flavonoids ? isoscutellarein 8-O-glucuronide, luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside, hypolaetin 7-215O-neohesperidoside and probably isoscutellarein 8-O-(3?-O-acetyl)glucoside, isoscutellarein8-O-glucuronide methyl ester and hypolaetin 8-O-glucuronide butyl ester.The dominating compound was phenylethanoid ? acteoside.Chromatographical analyses of the plant organs, from in vitro cultures, allowed to determinethe distribution of particular compound groups.Under the permission of The Institute of Nature Conservation of the Polish Academyof Sciences, leaves of the species from natural habitat were collected, and comparativeanalyses were carried out by two dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D TLC) and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC).It is worth to emphasize that common typical butterwort has not been reproduced in invitro cultures and the raw material obtained this way has not been analysed phytochemicallyso far.Described Pinguicula vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris clonal propagation method is a form ofpreserving this rare and protected species.It has been found that free cinnamic acid, which attribute to medicinal properties of P.vulgaris, originated as a result of hydrolysis of cinnamoyl ? asistasioside E.
After years of concerns that nitrates present in the diet or water may cause cancer or birth defects, there are more and more reports inquiring that their consumption may, however, imply a number of health benefits. The impact of nitrates is related primarily to nitric oxide effects in individual cells and tissues. Double reduction, observed in NO3− → NO2− → NO metabolic pathway, provides an alternative way of nitric oxide production, especially in ischemic or hypoxic conditions, when its obtaining from L-arginine is limited. Studies have shown that nitrate-rich diet improves bacteriostatic activity and positively impacts the cardiovascular system by increasing peripheral circulation and lowering systemic blood pressure. The relationship between nitrate intake and improvement of gastric epithelial function, mitochondrial metabolism and exercise tolerance was also confirmed. Although results of recent studies seem optimistic it has to be considered that most of them were conducted in a very small research groups and not all gave unequivocal results. So, to reliably answer the title question one still have to wait for more comprehensive research projects’ results.
Aging is a multietiological process and a major risk factor for chronic diseases including geriatric. In the healthy aging, the proper implementation of exercise to improve disease-related symptoms and comorbidities in the general population is a high priority. However, there is still a gap concerning studies analyzing influence of yoga in older people especially in post-menopausal women. Therefore, the aim of this mini review is a brief summary of well-established findings in yoga as an exercise intervention. In this paper, we conducted a narrative mini review of the influence of practising yoga on aging especially in post-menopausal women, searching the online databases: Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, and, subsequently, discuss possible mechanisms of this action. On the basis of this review, it is evident that practising the yoga seems to be a promising intervention especially recommended for the elderly.
The aim of our study is to compare selected game characteristics on different surfaces among all grand-slam tournaments and between male and female professional tennis players. We analyzed match characteristics from all grand-slam tournaments – Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open. We had data from all the matches and tournaments (127 singles matches from male and 127 female singles matches per each tournament). We compared the tournaments and also the genders. The data of the match characteristics were obtained through the official tournaments websites. The results showed women won significantly more return games compared to men (by 12%); men won significantly more points after 1st and 2nd serve compared to women (by 7% or 6% respectively); men played significantly more games per set; and women played significantly more points per game. Faster surface provides greater advantage to the server. Therefore it is important to practice serves prior these tournament. The least percentage of winners was reached at US Open. The mean percentage of 2nd serve points won in women’s matches reached only 45%, therefore receiving the 2nd serve could be an advantage in women’s tennis. The receiver should use this advantage by a good return.
Aim of Study. The aim of this study was to analyse morphological and motor changes in young elite female football players during preparatory phase of a yearly training cycle. We assumed that preparatory phase in football training causes a decrease in body fat mass, increase in body weight, particularly in muscle mass of lower limbs, as well as an improvement in motor skills, endurance and speed. Methods. The study included elite female football players from KKP MAX-Sprint Bydgoszcz team. Their basic morphological parameters, including body composition and physical performance expressed by outcomes of flexibility, static and explosive strength, speed and endurance EUROFIT battery tests, were documented at two time points: beginning and end of preparatory phase of a yearly training cycle. Data. The Shapiro-Wilk test (assessment of the distribution of variables), Student t-test (assessment of the significance of the dependent variables’ differences) and Mollison’s index (assessment of the scope of changes of the variables tested) were used. The threshold of statistical significance for all tests was set at 0.05. Results. Morphological changes were manifested mainly by an increase body weight (D = 0.78 kg, p = 0.012) including protein content (D = 0.15 kg, p = 0.005) and in body fluid volume (D = 0.33,p = 0.032) and fat-free mass, particularly in lower limbs (for the right leg D = 0.12 l, p = 0.003; for the left leg D = 0.10 l, p = 0.006). Motor changes were manifested by an improved speed agility (D = 2.79 s, p = 0.000), flexibility (D = 6.25 cm, p = 0.000), explosive strength (D = 8.67 cm, p = 0.001) and static strength (D = 3.00 kG, p = 0.016). Conclusions. A significant increase in muscle mass and speed suggests that football training exerts specific, desirable effects on morphological and motor characteristics in female players. Preparatory phase in football training does not result in unfavourable changes in morphological and motor characteristics in female players.
Aim of Study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the 8-second Skipping with Hand Clapping (8-sSHC) test performed by young women and men. The presence of a “training trend” was checked during the evaluation. Material and Methods. The study involved 84 female students and 83 male students of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, aged 19-21 years (mean age: 19.44 ± 0.50 and 19.59 ± 0.49, respectively). The reliability of the 8-s SHC test was determined by calculating the values of correlation coefficients between the number of claps in 10 successive repetitions of the test. The “training trend” hypothesis was verified by the Friedman test and post-hoc tests. Results. The values of correlation coefficients between successive repetitions of the 8-s SHC test were within the range of acceptable reliability (0.80-0.90) to good reliability (0.90-0.94) in both genders. Statistically significant differences between the number of claps in successive repetitions of the 8-s SHC test point to the presence of a “training trend”. Those differences were observed up to the fifth repetition in women and men. Conclusions. The 8-s SHC test is a reliable tool for assessing speed abilities among young women and men. The “training trend” should be eliminated before the test is used to evaluate speed abilities. A minimum number of 5 repetitions of the above motor test should be performed in advance for the final test to deliver reliable results. The study has shown that 8-s SHC Test is a reliable tool, which, after developing classification norms, can be used in the process of improving speed abilities for people of different ages.
Aim of Study. The central question of the present study is how strong are the various reasons for abandoning activities in a fitness studio. And to what extent these reasons differ from one another in terms of importance for the drop-out decision. We also examine whether there are typical priorities in the dropout justification and which reasons are used, in a statistically significant way, more or less or not at all. Material and Methods. A total of 225 people, who had terminated their contract with a fitness studio, were questioned. The survey was conducted as a telephone inquiry about their actual decision. The study was conducted in a health-oriented fitness centre in East Cologne. The fitness facility was opened in 1994 and has a size of 1,100 square metres. Results. At the time of the study, the gym had up to 1.151 memberships. Among them, 59% of the members were women and 41% were men. The average age of the respondents was 43.5 years. The average duration of membership added up to 4.4 years. Overall, it is found that only a few of the reasons offered in the survey are also indicated in significant frequency as important for the quitting decision. Conclusion. With the exception of membership costs, these reasons have nothing to do with studio conditions, but rather, apart from the mentioned health problems, mainly address issues of time scheduling and prioritizing the training in relation to other areas of life. The data show that the various quitting reasons were clearly evaluated differently by the respondents, and that there was apparently little generalized information on the motives of the quitting decision.
Aim of Study. This study aims at finding out the existence and character of determining factors of agility performance. Material and Methods. Individual types of agility performance (Illinois test, Fitro agility check, modified Y-test), reaction and acceleration speed (10 m dash) and cyclic running speed (30 m run), spatial orientation (shuttle run) were diagnosed in the selected sample of basketball players in order to identify agility predictors. The sample consisted of 12 players of top female basketball team BKM UKF Nitra, Slovakia (n = 12). Agility score was calculated using the device Fitro agility check (FAC), time was measured using the Witty time measurement instrument and lighting device WittySem traffic light. The level of cognitive abilitieswas detected by means of the Stroop test. Spearman correlationwas used for the assessment of the relationship among all three levels of agility performance (Illinois test, Y agility test, Fitro agility test) and other indicators. Results. In case of simple agility performance, the correlation analysis showed (change of direction speed; CODS, Illiois test) significant correlation with reactive agility, acceleration speed and also simple reactive agility. In case of complex reactive agility, significant correlation was found with pre-planned (running) agility (Illinois); simple reactive agility (Y-test) and cognitive abilities (Stroop test). The factor of acceleration speed (ACC – 3 m) showed greatest share (71.5%) in the reactive agility performance of basketball players of the selected sample. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that COD and RA are two different and independent skills. The share of motor predictors of agility performance decreases with the complexity of agility, while the share of mental cognitive factors on the cultivation of agility increases.
Aim of Study. To determine whether and to what extent self-efficacy, perceived fitness competence and perceived behavioral control are related to leisure time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in adults. Material and Methods. The study involved 532 adults (including 379 women) aged 18 to 26 years. Physical activity (PA) was measured by means of a short self-report questionnaire, being a modified version o f the very popular Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTQ). Each level of PA was described in a manner which enabled defining it by the participants with examples of activities representative for a given category, with 9 MET criteria for vigorous activity and 5 MET criteria for moderate intensity. Perceived physical competencies were measured by a relevant subscale of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Results. On average, respondents undertook 2.5 hours of MVPA. Males were more active than females, and younger persons more active than older persons. For the whole sample, self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control were the two significant predictors of MVPA. However, in the case of the latter the effect size was small. In self-efficacy a nearly linear increase from sedentary to the most active group was observed. Relationships between perceived competencies, self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control and physical activity were age dependent. The comparison between younger and older adults revealed that in the younger age group all three control variables were related to physical activity, while in the older group only self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control were significant; however, in both cases the effect sizes were weak. Conclusions. The most promising interventions to increase PA are teaching strategies to cope with barriers of physical activity and convincing people that regardless of their levels their physical fitness and motor abilities enable them to be physically active. However, while it seems true for young adults, the factors determining the physical activity of older adults and reinforcement strategies look different
The aim of the paper is to review various opinions regarding the role of training dedicated to specific muscles in maintaining stability of the spine. Insufficient performance of trunk muscles and resultant changes in motor control lead to decreased stability of spinal segments and unfavorable shift in the distribution of loads in this body region. Disproportion in the strength of trunk muscles in adults is responsible for age-related changes in their body posture. Abdominal muscles are postulated to play particularly important role in postural control and inappropriate tone thereof is considered an etiological factor of back pain. Although a large number of training programs for trunk muscles exists, not all exercises are suitable for individuals of various age, physical fitness and health status. During recent decade, the so-called core stability exercises have been raising a growing interest as a method for spinal stability improvement. The exercises that improve one’s ability to maintain correct body posture at rest and during complex coordinated movements are increasingly recommended by therapists, rather than those aimed solely at the strength gain. A growing body of evidence points to the effectiveness of exercises involving the so-called “abdominal bracing”, i.e. maximal activation of the whole muscular “girdle” of the lower trunk without hollowing the lower abdomen and in a neutral-spine position, causes problem in the control of back pain. Conclusion. Available evidence suggests that it is “abdominal bracing” which constitutes an optimal solution for individuals who suffer from back pain
The aim of the research was to analyze postural deviations in Romberg’s Test in girls with idiopathic scoliosis and scoliotic posture. 28 girls aged 7-18 years old were involved in the study. Spine research was made by Exhibeon digital radiography. Based on the size of the angle of spinal curvature there were identified scoliotic posture: 1-9° and scoliosis: ≥ 10°. Postural reactions were examined by static-dynamic Tecnobody’s ST 310 Plus Stability System platform. There were 21 (75%) children with scoliotic posture, and 7 (25%) with idiopathic scoliosis. Postural reaction of FBSD was from 6.57 with opened eyes (OE) to 7.32 with closed eyes (CE). Postural reaction of MLSD was from 3.89 with opened eyes (OE) to 5.54 with closed eyes (CE). Postural reaction of AFBS was from 11.96 with opened eyes (OE) to 17.29 with closed eyes (CE). Postural reaction of AMLS was from 9.96 with opened eyes (OE) to 13.89 with closed eyes (CE). Analysis of variance with dual classification revealed a significant effect in Romberg’s Test options (OE/CE) to: Average COP X (p = 0.002264), Average COP Y (p = 0.000009), Perimeter (p = 0.000008), Ellipse Area (p = 0.029882), Medium-Lateral Standard Deviation X (p = 0.022162), Average Forward-Backward Speed Y (p = 0.000071) and Average Medium-Lateral Speed X (p = 0.000916). In the examination with eyes closed it has been observed a significant increase of this variances. There was no significant effects only in Forward-Backward Standard Deviation Y. Most of postural deviations did not fit the norm.
The aim of this study was to examine relationships between results of soccer-specific skill tests and game-related soccer skills in young players aged 12 and 15 years. The participants were 60 male soccer players aged 11.87-14.76 years divided into two groups: lower secondary school candidates (12y) aged 11.87 ± 0.23years (n = 30), and upper secondary school candidates (15y) aged14.76 ± 0.42 years (n = 30). Soccer-specific skills were assessed using two outdoor tests in competitive match conditions: Dribble Test and Turning Test. The assessment of the game-related skills was carried out by five expert judges during a 5 vs 5 small-sided game. The evaluation criteria had been set by a panel of experts. The reliability of game-related skills assessments procedures was calculated using intra class correlation (ICC), standard error of the mean (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationships between results of assessments of game-related skill and soccer specific skill tests. Relationships between soccer-specific skills and game-related skills in 15-year-old players (–0.325 to –0.452) are less pronounced than in 12-year-old players (–0.496 to–0.667). It seems to be unjustified to use soccer-specific skill tests for prediction of young soccer players’ potential. The results of these tests can depend on numerous biological differences in the development of adolescent players. In conclusion, evaluation of players by judges should be part in talent identification models in youth soccer
Although high carbohydrate intake (>60%) is generally recommended for athletes, nowadays many experiments involve a low carbohydrate diet. Carbohydrate restriction leads to significant hormonal changes as well as reduced glucose utilization and increased utilization of free fatty acids and ketone bodies as energy sources. This narrative review aimed to discuss the physiological basis of low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (LCKD) and their both positive and negative effects on body composition, power, strength, aerobic capacity and anaerobic performance of athletes and physically active subjects. We searched and analyzed earlier and recently published papers on the subject. Research results showed that LCKD facilitates a reduction of body mass and fat mass while promoting maintenance of lean body mass (LBM). However, compared to a diet with a high carbohydrate content, it is challenging to increase LBM. Despite significant metabolic changes and increased fat oxidation LCKD did not show clear and convincing effects on endurance ability. While LCKD can preserve endurance performance in sports where intensity does not exceed 65-70% VO2max, it is not superior compared to a diet high in carbohydrates. Also negative effects on aerobic capacity can be manifested, especially in women, which may be related to a lower status and transport of iron and due to the difference in fat oxidation between genders. Reduced availability of glucose, decreased glycolytic enzyme activity and metabolic inefficiency (higher oxygen consumption for fat oxidation compared to glucose oxidation) might impair anaerobic performance where the intensity exceeds 70-80%. It seems that LCKD has no particular effects on maximum strength, power and anaerobic lactate abilities because they depend on the phosphagen energy system.
Among the methods that can improve football players’ motor skills, resistance training plays an important role, being one of the components of functional training in which players use their own body weight in all planes of movement. Currently in football, refining motor skills takes place on many levels, for instance, through resistance training. Optimal performance of a specific motor pattern and development of specific dominants such as stability, mobility and neuromuscular coordination increases the chance of improving the level of fitness. While discussing the importance of soccer training, attention was paid to the specific nature of work performed as well as the intensity and volume of applied effort during the broadly understood training process in football. In the aspect of developing motor skills, the role of functional loads in resistance training was emphasized which has a beneficial effect on improving speed, strength, coordination and endurance in football.
Angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) is the most frequently investigated genetic marker in the context of genetic conditioning of athletic predispositions. However, the knowledge of ACE’s potential modifying effect on changes in selected body traits achieved through a training programme is still limited. Therefore, we have decided to check whether selected body mass, body composition variables, oxygen uptake parameters as well as strength/speed parameters observed in physically active participants will be modulated by the ACE I/D polymorphism. The genotype distribution was examined in a group of 201 young healthy women measured for chosen traits before and after the completion of a 12-week moderate-intensive aerobic training programme. Our results revealed the significant genotype × training interactions for VEmax and power of countermovement jump, whereas training improvements were demonstrated for almost all parameters. In addition, main effects of the ACE I/D genotype on TGL, HDL, glucose and 10 m run were observed. A significant increase in VEmax was demonstrated for II and DD genotypes, but not for ID heterozygotes. The greatest gain in power of countermovement jump was observed in II homozygotes, although DD and ID were associated with a significant increase as well. Our study indicated that the polymorphism was associated with changes in VEmax and power of countermovement jump in response to a 12-week aerobic training programme in Caucasian women. However, more experimental studies are needed to establish the ACE gene × physical activity interactions
The article aims to initiate a wider discussion on the development of Polish sport in association with physical education of children and youth, which would take into account the achievements of its pioneers. The study focuses first on the pioneering concept of a Polish physical education theorist, Eugeniusz Piasecki, based on application of different sports, including winter disciplines, in the physical education of children and adults. Piasecki’s approach was not only innovative but it also involved many valid postulates in the context of current proposals to promote sports lifestyles in society. The realization of these postulates is hardly possible without the proper involvement of physical education. Focusing on gaining expected results in his pedagogical practice, Piasecki did not limit possible problem solutions to his own initiatives, but first analysed different approaches to physical education in Europe and North America and then compared them with the situation of physical education and sport in Poland. The analysis of Piasecki’s concept indicates the still current but only partially implemented proposals for development of sport in its relationship with the Olympic idea in Poland
As an important part of healthy living, disease prevention and methods of coping with stress physical activity should be a priority subject for students with disabilities and health problems. This research shows that students taking part in therapeutic physical activities (rehabilitation, therapeutic gymnastics and yoga) are mainly focused on health and disease prevention. However, additional important motive, especially for healthier students, is the course completion, which is obligatory. The awareness of the students’ needs and motives towards participating in therapeutic classes may allow to adjust the offer of Departments of Physical Education and Sport at Universities to their actual needs and capabilities
Asthma is a common disease of civilization characterized by a triad of symptoms: coughing, shortness of breath, and wheezing. We know how to diagnose patients with asthma, and the use of provocation tests can accurately determine how big the problem is. Treatment of patients with diagnosed asthma is highly individual. It is based on patient’s education and knowledge of the disease, assessment of the degree of symptoms, possibility of medical treatment and monitoring the patient during the course of drug therapy. The aim of the therapy is to control symptoms associated with asthma. During frequent, intense and prolonged physical exercise at a swimming pool, bronchial shrinking under the influence of the vagus nerve and the hyperventilation of the lower respiratory tract may occur, which are closely related to the changes of humidity and temperature. As a result, a number of irritant effects of chlorine may develop, which can lead to severe asthmatic reactions [2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12]. This study is a review paper on asthma and exercise-induced asthma in professional swimmers. The first part of the paper is a holistic representation of various aspects of asthma: factors influencing its course, development, diagnosis and therapeutic management. In the second part, the authors discuss the impact of swimming pool water disinfection and hyperventilation on the risk of asthma in swimmers, and to what extent the treatment of asthma in swimmers and professional athletes may count as illegal doping in view of present-day anti-doping regulations
The authors discuss possible uses of hydrotherapy in promoting recovery in professional athletes and provide an overview of literature presenting its current application in sports, whilst emphasizing the need for further research. Understanding the mechanism of action of water used at different temperatures on post-exercise recovery and examining the effectiveness of hydrotherapy methods in athletes will enable the development of optimal treatment regimens.
The authors discuss the physiological bases of thermographic research and review its current applications in sport performance diagnostics on the basis of available professional literature. The methodology of thermographic studies involves the proper preparation of the workstation, thermographic equipment, and the athlete. The authors also refer to the results of their own research conducted during real training sessions. Factors influencing the obtained outcomes are discussed.
The authors examine genetic and environmental risk factors for lumbar disc disease in Olympic grappling athletes. The spine is the primary site of injuries in combat sports involving kicking, striking, throwing and joint locking. The execution of such techniques involves multiple repetitions of rapid movements, short maximal muscle contractions, usually with heavy external loads, and frequent training bouts with a partner. This type of training is associated with a significantly increased risk of injuries and overloads of the lumbar spine. The consequences of musculoskeletal overloads are often caused by the insufficient elasticity of the soft tissues.
The authors examine the issue of consciousness from a systemic-theoretical perspective, not based on experimental research. They argue that psychological problems are so distant – in intellectual terms – from reality that tracing the relations between observable, experimentally measurable phenomena and internal processes in mind seems to be almost impossible. Moreover, the whole system of information processing in humans – including consciousness – is of multimodal nature, which makes all analyses rather difficult. As a result, it appears impossible to assign unambiguously psychological processes to observable phenomena. Thus, the authors propose to apply a mental technique termed “interpretation of the best explanation” based on the five-level construction of movement theory by N.A. Bernstein (systemic, in fact) and a less detailed motor theory of language by R. Allott. They propose the definition of the term “consciousness” and show its place in the whole chain of events determining human behavior. By using Bernstein’s theory, they define the terms “real consciousness”, “virtual consciousness”, “potential consciousness” and “active consciousness”, coherent with the theory of attention by R.M. Nideffer. They compare the issues under consideration with problems of physics and draw a conclusion that the questions of mechanisms determining animal and human behavior – the only observable manifestation of which is a movement – are probably most challenging to the whole contemporary science
The authors outline the general bases of possible scientific development in motor control, and they argue that in this discipline it is theoretical conceptualization rather than empirical investigations, that is of crucial importance. More over, the bulk of motor control as a science remains an area hardly accessible to empirical researchers. The authors present three ways of anticipation: induction, abduction, and deduction. They propose taking abductive methodology and employing a systemic approach to theory development. Next, they present two important principles determining the motor behavior of human individuals: the “inverted-V principle” and the “descending firework principle”. The theoretical concepts make the “abductive part” of the paper, and then the authors take the “deductive way” and show how the described principles act in three typical daily life situations
Autor książki: Wielka szachownica. Cele polityki amerykańskiej (Warszawa 1998) postrzega stosunki wzajemne pośród uczestników areny międzynarodowej jako wielką sza-chownicę, na której toczy się pomiędzy nimi „Wielka Polityka” (gra). Sytuacja światowa rozgrywa się, według niego, na jednej szachownicy (arenie międzynarodowej), a uczestnicy „gry” zajmują pozycje pionków. Jest to, więc swoista partia szachów, gdzie silniejszy zdobywa prestiż, pieniądze i władzę, natomiast słabszy przegrywa wszystko, osiągając marginalne znaczenie na globalnej szachownicy. Z kolei J. Nye eksponuje trzy płaszczyzny tej samej szachownicy, a mianowicie: potęgę militarną, gospodarczą oraz „miękkie środki oddziaływania politycznego”, wokół których toczy się polityka międzynarodowa. Jego trylogia poświęcona postrzeganiu potęgi państw powinna być lekturą obowiązkową, skierowaną przede wszystkim do polityków i mężów stanu, z przesłaniem, aby wskazane przez autora czynniki siły stosowali w praktyce, co pomoże im lepiej władać państwem. Jest to także książka przeznaczona dla wszystkich zainteresowanych polityką i jej zagadnieniami związanymi z percepcją potęgi.W niniejszej publikacji naukowej, autorka skoncentrowała się na trzech najważniejszych książkach J. Nye’a, stanowiących analizę atrybutów potęgi i wyjaśniających jej znaczenie. Są to: Bound to Lead. The Changing Nature of American Power (New York 1991), The Paradox of American Power. Why the World’sOnlySuperpowerCan’t Go It Alone(Oxford 2002) oraz Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics (New York 2004; wyd. polskie: Soft Power. Jak osiągnąć sukces w polityce światowej,Warszawa 2007). Stanowią one podstawę do zrozumienia percepcji pojęcia potęgi Stanów Zjednoczonych – a tym samym koncepcji imperialnej, opartej o wspomniane powyżej trzy atrybuty. Choć autora zajmują także rozwa-żania na temat innych państw, to jednak właśnie mocarstwowość USA, jako najpotężniejszego imperium na świecie, posiadającego wszelkie czynniki wzmacniające jego potęgę (władzę), stanowi podstawę przemyśleń J. Nye’a.
,awq4787/88q21q821qa879q521qa8714/
Background. One of the etiological factors of the stomatognathic system (SS) disorders is excessive tension and muscle activity. These factors are associated with long-term non-physiological overload of SS tissues. Palpation of masticatory muscles allows for subjective assessment of muscle tension and tenderness. One of the available tools which are an important part of the examination is non-invasive global electromyography − sEMG (ang. surface electromyography). Objective. The aim of the study is to evaluate the bioelectrical activity of masseter muscles inpatients with stomatognathic disorders. All disorders are myogenic origin. In addition reference standards for the masseter muscle in healthy people will be definied. Material and Methods. The study was conducted in a group of 104 women (Group I) with a myogenic pain disorders. All women were examined sEMG masseter muscles at rest and during maximal contraction. To defined standarized vaues for the masseter muscle authors formed a control group (Group II). Results. Comparison of the two groups revealed statistically significant differences in amplitude sEMG masseter muscle. In Group I, the average value of the amplitude of the EMG masseter muscle at rest and during maximal contraction is higher than in Group II. Conclusions. The results testify to generating greater static and dynamic loads on the surfaces of the temporomandibular joints. The higher amplitude values in female group with myogenic disorders of the SS confirms that in patients with myogenic pain disorders sEMG test is a valuable addition to the diagnosis.
The best dry land workout exercises for swimmers are those that aim to develop performance, strength and flexibility but without compromising health. As there is no “one-size-fitsall” recipe, coaches should be very cautious when choosing a dryland workout regimen. In fact, due to the swimming cyclic and continuous characteristics, overuse affects (almost)every swimmer, reinforcing the role that land workouts should have in preserving and promoting swimmers health, and not contributing to the high prevalence of shoulder, low back and knee joint injuries. As competitive swimmers of any age should avoid dry land workout mistakes (that will leave them prone to injury), we will briefly present a new trend on agonistic, antagonist and synergistic muscles coordination to be applied in strength and mobility dry land training
brak nr7
Chronic periodontitis, along with caries, are considered to be the most frequent pathological processes occurring in the oral cavity. Periodontal pockets, which are formed in the course of these diseases, make a perfect niche for microorganisms, especially anaerobic bacilli, which are characterised by high pathogenicity. It has been proved that bacteria, bacterial products and inflammatory and immunological mediators present in the pathologically changed periodontium may have an influence outside the oral cavity, and the pathogens coming from the periodontium may be an inflammatory factor participating in the aetiopathogenesis of vascular diseases related with atheromatous processes. Although numerous scientists have dealt with the problem of occurrence of bacteria coming from periodontal pockets in the atheromatous plaque collected from coronary vessels, carotid arteries and the walls of abdominal aortic aneurysms, the role of periopathogens in the aetiopathogenesis of vascular diseases has not been thoroughly explained. Therefore, a decision was made to start research on this controversial problem. The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the condition of the periodontium in patients with atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysms and to examine the occurrence of 5 selected bacterial pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanarella forsythiensis, Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Treponema denticola in the patients? periodontal pockets. The atheromatous plaque and specimens of the pathologically changed walls of aortic aneurysms were checked for the occurrence of the selected periopathogens.
Competitive rowing demands long-term, unilateral and non-physiological training. This discipline requires not only technical preparation, but also strength and endurance training, which is largely conducive to the occurrence of micro-traumas that can cumulate and lead to a spectrum of overloading changes in the motor organs, particularly in the lumbar spine. The factor most conducive to the occurrence of pathological changes in the spine is the rowing cycle, both on water and on ergometer, wherein the athlete performs multiple repetitions of maximum flexion and extension in the sagittal plane of the lumbar spine. Of note is the fact that during a single, 90-minute training session the rower engages over 70% of his or her overall muscle mass, performing1800 cycles of flexion and extension. These motions performed with oars as additional weights lead to the overloading of both the active and the passive spine stabilization system. Moreover, the system is impacted by compression forces in excess of 6000 N that can lead to destruction of the motor system. It is therefore necessary to understand the biomechanics of spine movements and to perform the biomechanical analysis of rowing, as well as use conclusions from the analysis in the training process in order to counteract overloading changes in the motor system, particularly the spine
Dietary supplements are extensively used among athletes as well as amateurs attending gyms. Regardless of very poorly investigated information about the effects of these products– both desirable and adverse – a wide range of population is used to take them. The aim of this study was to investigate the supplement consumption in Sicilia, Italy. An online questionnaire has been administered to 588 subjects (55% male and 45% female) aged between 15 and 53 years, frequenters and non-frequenters of gyms. The questionnaire showed that 75%of subjects practice (more or less regularly) physical activity 3-4 times a week, whilst the 25% did not practice any sport. Saline Supplements (Gatorade, Powerade, etc.), Branched Amino Acids (BCAAs) and protein supplements were the most frequently indicated dietary supplements (25.2%, 19.4% and 27%); carnitine and creatine the least (6.8% and 11.6%). Most of the practicing sport respondents administer nutritional supplements by themselves and they do not acknowledge any noticeable performance improvement. Therefore, even if there is no definite posology for the use of supplements, these should never be considered as an alternative to foods and a proper lifestyle
Do numeru 26(1904) dołączony załącznik: "Sprawozdanie z czynności Komitetu gruntownej restauracji rzymsko-katolickiego kościoła św. Anny w Wilnie, za czas od d. 28 maja 1902 do d. 1 maja 1904 r.
Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) together with adrenaline and noradrenaline belong to the group of catecholamines present in different tissues, predominantly in the nervous system, where they function as neurotransmitters. Our choice of the genetic determinants of the dopaminergic system disorders for the main topic of our project study was influenced by a wide spectrum of influence which the system has on the functions of an organism connected with, for example, its adaptive response to physical effort (it is the very adrenergic system that physiologists call the “work and fight” and even the “fight and flight” system). It is, for example, proven by the confirmed influence of dopaminergic mechanisms on blood pressure, widening of bronchi and a mobilization of energetic substrates. On the other hand, it is worth mentioning another importance of dopamine recognized by psychologists and psychiatrists as the hormone of “motivation, thrill and adventure seeking”, which in sport can be of key importance. That is why we would like to link these two areas – genetic and psychological
Dotyczy sprawy przejęcia monopolu tabacznego przez skarb państwa
Dotyczy zamiany kontrybucji nałożonej na Żydów na podatek od konsumpcji mięsiw
Druk dwuszpaltowy.
Dzieło współoprawne na syg.: 14892. II-14903. II.
E.XXIX, 369
The elite athletic phenotype is a complex combination influenced by both multiple genes (polygenic) and environmental factors such as training and nutrition. Among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with variation in physical traits, which are particularly important for performance in a variety of sports and with the elite athlete status, variants of PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor) genes have emerged as crucial moderators that control the expression of genes encoding enzymes and other proteins involved in energy homeostasis (lipid and carbohydrate metabolism). Accumulated findings from studies showing that combinations of polymorphic markers located in PPAR genes are associated with increased/decreased performance raise the possibility that the PPAR gene variants are true performance enhancing polymorphisms (PEPs) that are believed to have a physiological impact on human body composition and metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of knowledge on the role of polymorphic variants of PPAR genes in physical performance or health related fitness phenotypes.
Essential processes in the regeneration of an injured muscle include proliferation of satellite cells and vascularization. Myogenesis and angiogenesis are prerequisites for the subsequent morphological and functional healing of the injured muscle, leading to the reconstruction of the damaged myocytes and vessels, restoration of the blood flow and restoration of the oxygen supply to the tissue. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in satellite cells activation. It acts as a signal molecule and vasodilator, promotes expression genes for many growth factors being extracellular signals regulating the functions of the muscular, vascular and nervous systems. NO is produced by three isoenzymes, called nitric oxide synthases (NOS), present in skeletal muscle. The disturbance equilibrium between eNOS and iNOS activities results in pro-apoptotic NO activity and muscle atrophy. A recent study has shown a relationship between NO generation and delayed onset muscle soreness in response to intense resistance exercise. NO generation can be modulated by physical activity, systemic hypoxia (altitude training) or NO precursors such as L-arginine. The present review provides a current overview of NO effects on skeletal muscles and nutritional strategies based on L-arginine intake to aid muscle regeneration
Estr XIX t. 4 s. 518.
Estr. XXIV, dod. LI
Findings reveal a strong correlation between physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, the nervous system, psycho-motor skills, vascular aging, mood, cognition, and the overall quality of life as a result of a regular non-pharmacological treatment. Among many types and modes of physical activities dancing seems superior thanks to the widest spectrum of its impact on the body, including not only physical (fitness endurance, muscle strengthening, flexibility), but also psychological (cognition) and even social needs (satisfying the need of closeness, reducing the sense of loneliness). In view of the above, we summarize current knowledge on the connection between healthy ageing and dancing, which should be especially recommended for older people (>60 y).
From a physiological point of view, pain in sport has an informative function, indicating the maximum load capacity of the body and especially of those areas which are usually exposed to maximum loads and, consequently, damage or injury. Pain in an athlete’s body usually has a specific cause, predictable duration, and proven methods of treatment. Pain is part of the sporting experience, irrespective of whether the discipline is a contact or a non-contact sport. Interest in the problems of pain in sport has been growing in recent years, as demonstrated by the host of scientific publications referred to in the paper, and in general the number of articles and studies available in thematic databases. The problem of pain in sport will become increasingly important, not least because of the increasingly higher load on athletes in all disciplines, as shown by the successive new world records. Also, the increasing number of amateur and recreational athletes will require appropriate studies. As this group is not sufficiently prepared for the effort, it is very susceptible to injury. Pain in sport can also be expected to continue to gain in importance considering the increasing number of active elderly people, especially in European countries. The article emphasizes that better knowledge of this area may have practical applications in the training process of athletes as well as persons who are physically active during their working life and after retirement. Furthermore, pain in sport may, due to advances in biological and medical sciences, give rise to new research areas. In this paper, the main trends of scientific problems and research concerning biological aspects of pain in sport are presented.From a physiological point of view, pain in sport has an informative function, indicating the maximum load capacity of the body and especially of those areas which are usually exposed to maximum loads and, consequently, damage or injury. Pain in an athlete’s body usually has a specific cause, predictable duration, and proven methods of treatment. Pain is part of the sporting experience, irrespective of whether the discipline is a contact or a non-contact sport. Interest in the problems of pain in sport has been growing in recent years, as demonstrated by the host of scientific publications referred to in the paper, and in general the number of articles and studies available in thematic databases. The problem of pain in sport will become increasingly important, not least because of the increasingly higher load on athletes in all disciplines, as shown by the successive new world records. Also, the increasing number of amateur and recreational athletes will require appropriate studies. As this group is not sufficiently prepared for the effort, it is very susceptible to injury. Pain in sport can also be expected to continue to gain in importance considering the increasing number of active elderly people, especially in European countries. The article emphasizes that better knowledge of this area may have practical applications in the training process of athletes as well as persons who are physically active during their working life and after retirement. Furthermore, pain in sport may, due to advances in biological and medical sciences, give rise to new research areas. In this paper, the main trends of scientific problems and research concerning biological aspects of pain in sport are presented.
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are steroid hormones produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. These hormones play vital roles in the body’s defense mechanisms when dealing with stress, as well as being important in blood glucose regulation. Regrettably, misconceptions regarding the physiological actions of these hormones (in particular relative to the catabolism) have been created within the areas of sports and exercise. For example, cortisol most often is viewed as having a counter-productive role in exercise that can lead to a mal-adaptation to the exercise training process, due to the catabolic nature of this hormone relative to protein turnover. Therefore, the intent of this article is to present an overview and to offer remarks on the necessary and critically important functions of glucocorticoids during exercise, and in the adaptation process associated with exercise training. The emphasis is specifically to correct several of the misconceptions and misunderstandings that are portrayed within some research and popular literature regarding endocrine responses to exercise and exercise training
Gremboszów nazwa pisownia 18w.
GW, M11306.IBP, 2979. ISTC, ij00088000.
High-altitude mountaineering involves exposure to reduced partial oxygen pressure, which leads to a number of psychical and physical disturbances in the climber’s body and has an impact on the function of the central nervous system. These disorders can be intensified by external environmental factors such as energy deficit, fatigue, high true altitude, stress and cold. The climber’s central nervous system can experience functional and morphological changes, mostly of a non-permanent character. All these factors can lead to perception disorders and changes of behavior in climbers as compared with their perception abilities and behaviors at lower altitudes. Problems with concentration, rational assessment of situations and one’s own capabilities –and in extreme cases – delusions or autistic symptoms may also occur. Emphatic behaviors of climbers at high altitudes seem to be seriously hindered, since their brain function focuses on survival. An assessment of ethical behaviors in such conditions is very difficult as humans normally behave ethically at “sea-level” where the brain functions properly in under appropriate partial oxygen pressure
https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/603768 Streszczenie w języku angielskim
https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/604565 Streszczenie w języku angielskim
https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/607359 Streszczenie w języku angielskim
https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/616417 Streszczenie w języku angielskim
https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/619424 Streszczenie w języku angielskim
https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/621684 Streszczenie w języku angielskim
https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/631790 Streszczenie w języku angielskim
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